Chronic myeloid leukaemia Definition Chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML), is a myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN) harbouring the BCR::ABL1 gene in which granulocytes are prominent in blood and bone marrow. ICD-O coding 9875/3 Chronic myeloid leukaemia 9875/3 Chronic myeloid leukaemia, (CML), BCR::ABL1 ICD-11 coding 2A20.0Z Chronic myelogenous leukaemia, BCR-ABL1-positive, unspecified 2A20.0Y Other specified chronic myelogenous leukaemia, BCR-ABL1-positive 2B33.2 Chronic myeloid leukaemia, not elsewhere classified Related terminology Not recommended: Chronic myelogenous leukaemia; Chronic granulocytic leukaemia; chronic myelocytic leukaemia Subtype(s) None Localization In chronic phase (CP), the neoplastic cells are mostly confined to the blood, bone marrow, spleen, and liver. In blast phase (BP), the blasts can infiltrate any extra-medullary site, with a predilection for spleen, liver, lymph nodes, skin, and soft tissue { 17240312 ; 3862425 ; 6588747 }. Clinical features Most patients (>95%) with CML are diagnosed in CP, which usually has an insidious onset. { 25783795 ; 9012696 } Some newly diagnosed cases can be asymptomatic and discovered when a blood count is performed as part of a routine medical examination { 17240312 ; 24729196 }. Common findings at presentation include splenomegaly, fatigue, malaise, weight loss, night sweats, and anaemia { 17240312 ; 25783795 ; 24729196 ; 9012696 }. Untreated, most cases of CML progress from CP to advanced phase within 3?5 years after diagnosis { 17240312 ; 25814076 }. These transformed stages are characterised clinically by declining performance status, constitutional signs such as fever and weight loss, and symptoms related to severe anaemia, thrombocytopenia, increased white cell count (WCC) and splenic enlargement { 22653972 ; 24729196 }. With targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) therapy and careful disease monitoring, the incidence of progression to advanced phase disease has decreased, and the 10-year overall survival rate for CML is 80?90% { 23803709 ; 2608852 ; 25814076 ; 25676422 ; 28273028 }. The natural history of untreated CML before the introduction of the targeted TKI was biphasic or triphasic: an initial indolent CP followed by an accelerated phase (AP), and/or BP. The designation of AP is less useful in the TKI era, as discussed below, and is now called 'high-risk chronic phase'. Epidemiology Worldwide, CML has an annual incidence- of 1?2 cases per 100,000 population, with a slight male predominance. The annual incidence increases with age, from 1,500 patients, showed that at low blast levels (1-15%), high-risk ACA showed an increased risk of death compared to patients without ACA, No effect was observed at blast levels of 20-30% { 32382082 }. Each individual abnormality is rare at diagnosis which adds to the difficulty in assessing their biological significance. In contrast the acquisition of ACA during the course of the disease is clearly associated with an increased risk of progression to BP. Genes reported to be altered in the transformed stages include TP53, RB1, MYC, CDKN2A (also known as p16INK4a), NRAS, KRAS, RUNX1 (also known as AML1), TET2, CBL, ASXL1, IDH1 and IDH2 but their exact role (if any) in the transformation is unknown { 21346257 ; 26297264 }. The introduction of genome-wide expression profiling by microarray technology has revealed other candidate genes associated with the advanced stages, and has also shown similar gene expression patterns in AP and BP, suggesting that the genetic events leading to transformation in AP and BP occur in late CP or early AP { 19698927 }. These studies have also shown that progression to advanced-phase disease often shares biological features associated with resistance to TKI therapy { 16477019 }. Macroscopic appearance Not applicable Histopathology Chronic phase In CP, the peripheral blood shows leukocytosis (12?1,000?×?109/?L, median: ~80?×?109/?L) due to neutrophils in various stages of maturation, with peaks in the proportions of myelocytes and segmented neutrophils { 25783795 ; 9012696 ; 265093 }; children often have higher WCC than adults (median: ~250?×?109/?L) { 25891192 ; 15995044 ; 22395816 }. Significant granulocytic dysplasia is absent. Blasts typically account for 1,000?×?109/?L; marked thrombocytopenia is uncommon in CP { 25783795 }. Atypical presentations include marked thrombocytosis without leukocytosis that mimics essential thrombocythaemia or other types of MPN { 25025015 ; 8426485 ; 24684229 }. In CP, the bone marrow is hypercellular, with marked granulocytic proliferation and a maturation pattern similar to that in the blood, including expansion at the myelocyte stage { 17240312 ; 32935189 }. Dysplasia is absent. There is no significant dysplasia. Blasts usually account for